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Russell Gregory's Grave at Cades Cove
One of the most prominent examples of this complete independence and antipathy toward Confederate control is prominently displayed at Cades Cove in the Tennessee section of the Great Smoky Mountain National Park where Russell Gregory’s tombstone lies near the current self-guided tour path. The epitaph embodies the area's disdain for their treatment by the Confederates: "Russell Gregory, murdered by North Carolina rebels." The word “murdered,” of course strikes visitors as unusual, implying that he was not killed in battle. According to Steve Speer’s “Cultural History” of Cades Cove, the Confederates dragged Russell Gregory out of his home and killed him on the spot.
Cades Cove epitomized the conditions that lead to Union sympathies. The community was monetarily poor, even though it had enough food to survive, causing economic and cultural differences between the residents of Cades Cove and the planting class and the people they were able to influence. As Speer says, "No slave ever worked the Cove, and the mountain people shared few cultural ties with the South.” Of the thirty-three residents who fought in the Civil War, twenty-one Cades Cove residents fought for the Union. The Confedera
Regardless of whether the southern planters waged war in order to maintain slavery or to protect states’ rights, many southerners opposed both ambitions. Still, no one should assume that these Southern Unionists were adamant abolitionists, nor should anyone categorize the entire lot as anarchists or loyalists. The Southern Unionists had many and varying reasons for opposing the Confederate cause, ranging from republican loyalty to the simple desire to be left alone.
A similar grave site at the Primitive Baptist Church reads,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], "Bas Shaw - Killed by Rebels." Shaw, and later two of his sons, were killed by the infamous Kirkland Gang, who not only robbed and killed both Confederate and Union soldiers, but also “did not seem to draw the line at killing relatives,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],” as Marshall McClung says in “The Kirkland Bushwhackers.” The gang, led by former Confederate Second Lieutenant John Jackson Kirkland, preyed on households left defenseless when males had to leave,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], often due to conscription, to fight in the war. While this certainly was not part of the Confederate plan, the war’s instability caused an understandable antipathy toward the Confederate’s cause, as Shaw’s epitaph attests. Even if Kirkland’s army did not represent the confederate army at the time of Bas Shaw’s death, the tombstone engraver made no attempt to distinguish the legitimate soldier from the outlaw. Bas Shaw was simply “Killed by Rebels” in the eyes of the East Tennessee residents.
Not surprisingly, Union sympathies ran highest in regions where slavery least affected the economy. Because of the rocky and mountainous conditions, farming in the Appalachian regions--especially those of Eastern Tennessee and Northern Alabama--closely resembled the smaller family farms of New England. Farmers wanted to provide for their families and avoid unnecessary dependence on any government, be it state or federal. In many ways, these Appalachian residents defined the term “fiercely independent,” and the Confederate cause, its means of taxation,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and its policy of conscription only deepened the desire of these residents to be left alone.
Appalachian Isolation and Fierce Independence Intensifies After the Civil War
Bas Shaw's Grave at Cades Cove
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